| Growth is unsustainable. Period. A lot of (even progressive) economists still don’t seem to get this. “Of course the recession will end soon, and we’ll be back to ‘healthy’ growth again,” they say. The only debate seems to be when it will end and how bad it will get before it does.
Two other things economists don’t seem to get:
- There are healthy alternatives to a growth economy. A steady state economy need not be one of deprivation or struggle.
- A growth economy is a debt economy, and debts always have to be repaid. Growth is always funded by incurring new debts. Print money and borrow to grow now, and future generations will have to repay it. Take oil that took millions to years to form now, and you’re stealing from those future generations, and leaving them the mess that burning it creates. Convert forest to suburban sprawl and you’re incurring a debt to nature, who always collects on her debts. Man-made landscapes rely on natural hinterlands to provide them with at least seven essential resources they need to live: food, water, material for clothing and shelter, health nutrients, room to breathe, forests that produce unpolluted air, and recreation — what we call natural capital.
In ‘boom’ times, as shown in the top chart below, prices are inflationary. Don’t let the lies of our governments fool you — compare the cost of housing, cars, health, recreation, education, or the real cost of food (taking into account massive agricultural subsidies) or manufactured goods (taking into account the shoddiness and replacement cost of the crap on the shelves today) to that in 1970 and you’ll see we’ve been in an inflationary spiral for decades. Inflation artificially drives up the price of our homes and investments, giving us more collateral to borrow against, and more cash to spend on these assets, driving the prices up further in a vicious “bubble” cycle (shown in blue). These bubbles produce great profits for corporations (giving us even more ‘valuable’ investments to borrow even more against). They also produce an addiction to debt (for most of us, total assets have doubled in the last forty years, but that increase has been totally financed by debt — net worth hasn’t changed at all, so the ‘wealth’ is all illusory). By producing phony statistics that deny the inflation in this cycle, governments keep interest rates low, so we can afford to borrow even more. The result: spiralling debt, more waste and pollution, and a rapid decline and degradation of our finite, fragile natural capital. As Daniel Quinn has explained, the glut of cheap subsidized food also produces the population boom that has been going on for centuries, further exacerbating the cycle.
The bubbles are, of course, unsustainable, and when they burst you get a different, but nearly as devastating, vicious cycle shown in the lower diagram above. Asset prices plummet, we have less to borrow against and less cash to spend, so the demand for assets falls further and you have a deflationary spiral (the vicious cycle in blue) — talk to anyone in Japan if you think that’s any better than an inflationary spiral. If you have an ongoing population explosion (like that in North America caused by high immigration), that will mitigate this cycle somewhat, driving up demand and restarting the bubbles. During this recession/deflation cycle, there is less waste and pollution, and less decline in our natural capital, but not by much. It merely decelerates. And for the poor, unable to pay the debts they incurred when their collateral was ‘worth’ much more, the impact is devastating — foreclosure, bankruptcy, and in many nations, starvation.
This is the boom-and-bust Industrial Growth Economy that has prevailed and become global over the past two centuries. Its consequences are massive waste and pollution (and soon disastrous climate change), excessive population growth (and resultant resource wars), horrific levels of indebtedness and poverty (as inequity of wealth soars), and addiction to consumption. It is utterly unsustainable — the booms and busts don’t cancel out the excesses, but merely perpetuate them.
Because of these vicious cycles and their consequences, we can never ‘afford’ to deal with the unsustainable problems inherent in the Industrial Growth Economy — especially climate change. [The word 'afford' means 'to go forward', and when you're caught in a vicious cycle there is no 'forward']. In boom times, greater production and greater population produce more greenhouse gases. In bust times, there’s no money to spend on ‘niceties’ like pollution control to reduce greenhouse gases (and in fact in recessions we use cheaper, dirtier energy, and buy cheaper crap that ends up quickly in landfills and incinerators). So these ‘externalities’ (waste, pollution, loss of natural capital) always mount, and politicians and corporations do their best to get the public to ignore them, since they have no solution for them. They’re not accounted for in our measure of profit, wealth or ‘net worth’.
The only way out is to abandon the Industrial Growth Economy and shift to a Steady State Economy. As the chart below describes, such a shift requires three interventions (shown in square boxes) to bring it about:
- laws against living beyond your means (essentially a prohibition on long-term indebtedness)
- laws against waste, pollution and non-renewable resource use
- laws encouraging smaller families
These interventions could eliminate debt-driven inflation and consumption, waste and pollution, population growth and the degradation and loss of natural capital. Instead of the Industrial Growth Economy’s vicious cycles we would have a virtuous cycle of stability in prices, purchasing and consumption:
Many ecological economists have written about this (notably Herman Daly, Richard Douthwaite and Peter Brown). Prior to modern civilization’s invention of industrial, agricultural, health and financial technologies we lived in such an economy, without the need for the three interventions (nature intervened, when necessary to restore the balance).
The problem is that now, we can’t get there from here. Suppose we were to introduce these three interventions, globally. Here’s what would happen:
- To prevent bankruptcies (resulting from the prohibition on indebtedness) being so huge as to grind the economy to a total halt, we would have to forgive unrepayable debts, wipe the slate clean (just as we’ve done with struggling nations that have found themselves unable to reduce indebtedness). The problem is that this would collapse the already-reeling financial ‘services’ industry. We would certainly face a severe economic depression, and the populist answer would almost assuredly be to resume borrowing, to abandon the Steady State Economy before it could begin to take hold.
- Most big corporations, being dependent on growth in consumer spending and on leverage (corporate borrowing beyond their means), would collapse. Unemployment would soar, and most people have none of the necessary entrepreneurial skills to make a living for themselves. The likely consequence would be rioting and an insistence on a return to the Industrial Growth Economy.
- Those with wealth and power (including the major religions) would almost certainly fight a propaganda war against the three interventions just as many of them did against the science of climate change. If they weren’t successful in stopping the interventions, they would cash out and hoard all the assets they’d acquired (stolen from future generations, from struggling nations, from the poor, and from nature). In this case we’d probably have an all-out global class war.
- A black market for usurers would emerge to replace legitimate lending. Just as with prohibition, organized crime would get into money-lending (though some already characterize most money-lenders as such), and we’d have an upsurge in violence. You just can’t make things illegal if people really think they want or need them. It doesn’t work.
- The rewards for defying the laws against waste, pollution and non-renewable resource use would almost surely be higher than the risk of and penalties for prosecution, so waste and pollution and the degradation of loss of natural capital would quickly resume, illegally. Some struggling nations have excellent environmental protection laws, but they’re unenforceable — it’s too easy to bribe low-income government officials to turn a blind eye.
What I’m saying is that these three interventions fly in the face of human nature, and cannot be effectively implemented. We will inevitably fall back into the Industrial Growth Economy, which evolved as a result of human nature and a response to human needs. It reflects (alas rather sadly) who we are as a species. There is no going back to the garden once your species has tasted the forbidden fruit, and we’ve absolutely gorged on it. It’s only natural.
This is why all civilizations crash as a consequence of their excesses. This is why the ecologist-philosophers who are also students of human nature (John Gray, Ronald Wright, and I suppose Dave Pollard) see the catastrophic collapse of our now massive and global civilization as inevitable. It is not in our nature to live within our means, to limit our numbers voluntarily, or to conserve for future generations (especially when we don’t appear to have enough to go around for our current numbers).
The way we are, and always have been, we cannot ‘afford’ to combat climate change. Even though the cost of not doing so is extinction.
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