Dave Pollard's environmental philosophy, creative works, business papers and essays.
In search of a better way to live and make a living, and a better understanding of how the world really works.



December 17, 2006

Links for the Week — December 16, 2006: The Generosity and Contemplation Edition

Filed under: How the World Really Works — Dave Pollard @ 21:03
maketradefair

Make Trade Fair

(*Sigh* Links for the week are late again…)

Creating Community:
A brilliant and far-reaching essay by Inspector Lohmann explores why civilization culture deliberately destroys community to sustain its hierarchical control, and how we might re-establish community in spite of this. Thanks to Jon Husband for the link.

The Gift Economy, Part 1: San Francisco’s Really Really Free Market allows people once a month to give what they have that has value, and to take what they find that has value to them. No price tags, no keeping score. Just trusting your fellow human beings to be generousand fair. And it works.

The Gift Economy, Part 2: Canada’s Point Seven Campaign encourages everyone to donate 0.7% of their annual gross income to those in greatest need, as a nudge to governments to do likewise. Thanks to my work colleague Paul Sawtell for the link.

Why We Let People Lie to Us: A series of articles by Paul Ekman discusses why we are predisposed to trust people and how liars exploit that predisposition. Thanks to Dale Asberry for the link.

Crohn’s Disease Forum: For those suffering from Crohn’s and ulcerative colitis. Thanks to Michael Yarmolinsky for the link.

What Is The Semantic Web?: Nova Spivak explains the concept, and why software that is more intelligent matters. Thanks to Jon Husband for this link too.

Ebola Threatens Gorillas With Extinction: One of our two genetically closest relatives could be wiped out by a disease we barely understand.

A Strategy to Exit Military Presence from the Entire Mideast: Three professors make a compelling case for not only exiting Iraq and Afghanistan militarily immediately, but moving back from the Mideast entirely to nearby Asian and Indian Ocean sites.

Just for Fun Department:
Soy Causes Homosexuality!: A hilarious review of the wingnut tabloid WorldNetDaily by the always witty Sheri Zollinger.

December 14, 2006

La Donaca Ekonomio

Filed under: Preparing for Civilization's End — Dave Pollard @ 23:04
(Thanks to Robert Read for translating this article into Esperanto for Esperanto Day 2006)

giftLa Ideo: La Donaca Ekononmia ofertas al ĉiuj metodon por lerni, kompreni, regi, kaj ŝanĝi nian mondon. Ĝi estas natura ekonomio, trempita en milionoj de jaroj de la antaŭ-civilizacio homa kulturo kaj la kulturo de la tuta vivaro sur Tero. Se sufiĉo ĝin akceptus, la moderna “merkato” ekonomio, konstruita de la eraraj kaj malhomaj fundamentoj de la malegaleco, malabundo, mismezuro de valoro kaj akiremeco, ne povus travivi.

Kelkojn de la komentoj mi ricevis pri AHA! The Discovery & Learning Centre (esperante: AHA! La Malkovrada kaj Lernado Centro) temas pri reciprokeco (la angla vorto: reciprocity nun bedaŭrinde implicas negocitan merkatan interŝangon, anstataŭ la pli simpla ideo de divido sen devo.) Mi klarigis ke AHA! malaltigos la ‘koston’ de transdono de scio kaj ideoj, kaj ekvaligos la valoron ni juĝas pri la kontribuoj fare de ĉiuj unuopoj al eltrova kaj lerna konversacio, por ke ne estas ‘krompago’ pri la kontribuo de eksperto, por ke egaj ideoj kaj grava scio estas kostelportebla al ĉiuj. La fina rezulto povas esti, se ni havas la komunan volon por atingi ĝin, mondo en kiu ĉio estas senkosta, kaj ĉio havas nemezureblan valoron. Ĉio el ĉi tio konformas, mi pensas, al la (eknune tre populara) koncepto de la Donaco Ekonomio, kio tute ne samas al ‘komerca’ aŭ eĉ varinterŝanĝada ekonomio.

Kio estas la Donaca Ekonomia? Ĝerma verko pri la temo estis skribita antaŭ pli ol 20 jaroj de Lewis HYDE, libro nomiĝa La Donaco: Imagpovo kaj la erotika vivo de posedaĵo (The Gift: Imagination and the Erotic Life of Property). HYDE verkis:

Mi parolas de la interna donaco kiuj ni akceptas kiel la celo de nia laboro, kaj la ekstera donaco, kiu igis veturilo de kulturo. Mi ne koncernas pri la donaocj tioj, kiojn oni donas pro malico aŭ timo; nek pri la donacojn ni akceptas pro servemaĉeco aŭ devo; mi koncernas pri la donaco ni sopiras al, la donaco, tia, tiam ĝi venas, parolas komande al la animo kaj neresisteble nin movas.

En ŝia recenzo de la libro (kio mi ankoraŭ ne legis), JoAnn Schwartz writes:

HYDE interesiĝas pri esplori kiel efikas nia nuna submerĝo en la merkata ekonomio kaj la mito de la libera merkato sur nia penso pri donacoj kaj nia ebleco donaci kaj ricevi ilin. La merkata ekonomio estas intence nepersona, sed la tuta celo de la ‘donaca ekonomio’ estas starigi kaj fortigi la rilatojn inter ni, por kunigi nin unu al la alio. Estas ĉi tio elemento de rilato kio gvidas HYDE al paroli de donaco interŝanĝo tiel ‘erotika’ komerco, kontrastante eros (la principo de allogo, unigo, engaĝigo kio kunligas) kontraŭ logos (razono kaj logiko ĝenerale, kaj la principo de apartigo specife). Merkata ekonomio estas emanano de logos.

En merkata ekonomio, oni povas hamstri siajn posedaĵojn sen perdo de riĉeco. Ja, riĉeco altiĝas per hamstrado—tamen ni kutime nomas ĝin “ŝparado”. Kontraste, en donaco ekonomio, riĉeco malaltiĝas per hamstrado, por estas la cirkulado de la donacoj inter la komunumo kiuj kondukas al pliabundiĝo—pliabundiĝo de kontaktoj, kreskigo de forto de rilatoj. Per tio libro, HYDE helpas nin enfokusigi la gravecon de donacoj, ilia fluo kaj movado kaj la efikego ke la moderna merkato efikis sur la cirkulado de donacojn. Jen ekspliko fare de Genevieve VAUGHAN pri la fundamenta diferenco de la ‘interŝanĝa’ aŭ ‘merkata’ ekonomio kaj Donaca Ekonomio:

La nuna ekonomia sistemo fundametas sur interŝango, donado por ricevi. La motivo estas sin-orienta tial kio estas donata revenas per malsama formo al la donanto por kontentigi la bezonon de li aŭ ŝi. La kontentigo de la bezono de la aliulo estas pero al la kontentigo de la propra bezono de oni mem. Interŝanĝo postulas identigon de la aĵoj interŝanĝitaj, kaj ankaŭ la mezuron kaj la aserton de la valoregalode ĝi ĝis la sufiĉa kontento de la interŝanĝantoj ke nek unu nek alio donas pli ol li aŭ ŝi ricevas. Tial postulas videbleco, allogante atento malgraŭ ke ĝi estas farita tiel ofte ke la videbleco estas kutima. Mono eniras la interŝanĝo, anstataŭante la rolo de la produktoj, reflektante iliaj kvanta elvalorigo.

La videbleco mem de la interŝanĝo estas mem-konfirmanta, sed aliaj specoj de interago — eduka, malavarica kaj ali-cela donacoj — igas nevidebla aŭ malplivolora pro komparo aŭ negativa priskribo. Tio, kio estas nevidebla ŝajnas senvalora, dum tio, kio estas videbla, estas identita kun la interŝanĝo, kio koncernas pri precipa speco de kvanta valoro. Plue, ĉar estas valoregalo asertata inter kion ni donas kaj kion ni ricevas, ŝajnas ke kiu havas multon tial produktis multon aŭ estas donitan multon, kaj estas, do, iel ‘pli’ ol oni kiu havas malpli. Interŝanĝo metas la egoon en la ĉefa loko kaj permesas ĝin kreski kaj evolui en manieroj kiuj emfazas la mi-unuajn, konkursajn kaj hierarkiajn kondutemojn. La egoo ne estas esenca parto de homo, sed estas socia produkto, farita de la specoj de homo interrilatoj, en kioj ĝi estas engaĝiĝa.

Do la interŝanĝo aŭ ‘merkata’ ekonomio estas firme fiksiĝa en la konceptoj de malegaleco, malabundo, mezurebla valoregalo, kaj akiremo, sed la Donaca Ekonomio havas radikojn en la konceptojn de malkvantebleco, malavarico kaj kunligeco. Tiel Eric RAYMOND ĝin esprimas:

Donac-kulturoj estas adaptiĝoj al ne malabundo, sed abundo. Ili estiĝas en popolatecoj kiuj ne havas problemojn pro signifa malabundon da materialo de endaĵoj por travivi. Ni povas observi donac-kulturojn inter indiĝenaj kulturoj kiuj loĝas en ekologiaj lokoj kun mildaj klimoj kaj abunda nutraĵo. Ni povas ankaŭ observi ilin en specifaj tavoloj de nia socio, precipe en distra komerco, scienco, la libera kaj senkosta sofvaro movado, kaj inter la tre riĉaj.

En ‘merkato’ ekonomio, diras HYDE, la plej alta stato apartenas al tiuj, kiuj akiris la plej multon. En Donaca Ekonomio, la plej alta stato apartenas al tiuj, kiuj estas donante la plej multon. Sed kio estas la plej grava, le diras, estas ke la donaco devas ĉiam moviĝas. Tion ideon lastatempe popularigis mojosa eta filmo nomita “Pagu ĝin antaŭe” (angle: “Pay it Forward”). Ĉio donaco estas ĝia propra rekompenco, sed la rekompenco estas multobligata, sen limo, kiam la donaco, aŭ io ajn donaco, estas pasata al alioj. Rakonto estas donaco. Blogoj estas donacoj. Ideoj kaj ekkomprenoj kaj instruoj kaj konsiloj estas donacoj. Konversacioj estas donacoj.

Ĉi tie estas donaco de Chris CORRIGAN, Jack RICCHIUTO and George NEMETH, mirinda 45-minuta Skypecast (publikita per “Skype” sistemo) konversacio (kun la kontribuoj de George bedaŭrinde neaŭdebla). Mi pagas ĝin antaŭe per ligi al ĝi kaj per resumi sube iom da ekstraktoj mi ĝin elprenis, multo de kiuj koncernas la Donaca Ekonomio.

Ĝis oni prezentas ion al homoj, por kion ili malsatas, vi ne povas riveli la plej bono en ili. Ni ĉiu havas malsaton por ligon, por “kamaradoj” kiuj komprenas nia framo, nia referencokadro.

Retblogoj (rettaglibroj) povas krei potencajn virtualajn rilatojn. Post oni legis ilin oni iĝas “scii” la aŭtoro kaj kiam oni tiam “renkontos” ilin vi povas poste ekkomenci labori tuj.

La novaĵkomunikiloj senigas nin de rekta emocia kunligo al nia mondo. Ni nun spektas la ĉefa televida novaĵpersono por indicoj pri kiel ni reagu al la novaĵon. La novaĵkomunikioj mediacias nian emocian respondon al la ekstera mondo.

Kiam tribaj pliaĝuloj observas “Malferma Spaco (angle: Open Space)”, ili diras, “Ĉi tio estas precize kiel ni antaŭe kunvenis.” Malferma Spaco estas la indiĝena tekniko, tekniko de kunligado, permesante rapida burĝonon de ekkompreno.

Kiam ion estas donata, io ĉiam estas intrinsike redonata en interŝanĝo. Tamen, donacoj funkcias plej bone kiam vi pagas ilin antaŭen. Vi devas trovi alian ejon por uzi viajn lernadojn akiritajn de aliuloj—estas tiu pasado al aliaj kiuj kreas la Donaca Ekonomio.

Sciencoj dum longa tempo komprenis la Donacan Ekonomion, la retuma metodo per kio ili donas ilian pensojn unu al la alio kaj rilatas unu al la alio. Ĉi tiel estas kiel la vera scienco okazas. La interreto servas similan celon, tiel oni kiu penas malsukcese profiti aŭ enboteligi scion per la interreto malkovris.

La Donaca Ekonomio estas pri ‘povo’ — oni ne povas esti pasiva konsumanto de donacojn. Ĉiujn kapablas kontribui, kaj la retumo kreskos sole per la kazo ke ĉiujn returnas al aliaj uloj la donacojn, kiujn oni ricevas. Ni devas lerni konscii nia propran povan.

Amiko de [Chris], Lakota kuracisto, parolas pri la ‘cirklo de kuraĝo’, kaj priskribas kiel donacado kreskigas memrespekto kaj tial la animo. Ĉiuj, li diras, devas konstrui kvar ‘kapablojn’:

  • La kapablo de membriĝi — reflektante la bezonon, esti agnoskata
  • La kapablo de majstreco — reflektante la bezonon, konstrui persona kompetenteco
  • La kapablo de sendependeco — reflektante la bezonon, scii vian propran povon
  • La kapablo de sindoneco — reflektante la bezonon, scii vian propran bonecon

La manieroj per kio ni kunligas — tioj ‘teknikoj’, bezonas esti por la servo de spiritoĉeesto. Malferma Spaco kaj similaj teknikoj kreas kondiĉojn por aŭtentika spiritoĉeesto. Ĉi tioj teknikoj funkcias plej bone kiam ili ‘foriras’, kiam pro bona proceza dezajno la tekniko estas nevidebla, travidebla. Tiam, kiam vi estas en ĝi, ĝi estas simpla ĉar ĝi estas natura. Ĝi estas nur parto de la procezo.

Bonaj teknikoj provizas ‘verandan estetikon’ kio ebligas naturan konversacion, komforton, kaj kontakton.

Se ni akceptas ke ni ne posedas ĉiojn de la respondoj, tiam ni agnoskas ke ĉiu el ni havas gravegan eron de la respondo, kaj tio gravas, kio estas la aro kaj eliĝo de la eroj de vero, kiujn ĉiu de ni portas.

Jen bonega donaco de “Jes!” (angle: “Yes!”) gazeto fare de Beverly FELDMAN and Charles GRAY: 37 manieroj per kiuj vi povas partopreni la Donaca Ekonomio. Kion plu povas ni fari por kaŭzi la Donacan Ekonomion? La plej grava aferoj ni povas fari estas interne—transformiĝo de la maniero per kiu ni observas la mondon kaj ĝiaj ekonomiaj principoj kaj tiel ni traktas aliaj ulojn, kaj la mondo en kiu ni vivas. Chris nomas ĝin “pasio limigata de respondeco”. Respondeco simple akceptata, ne trudata sur nin. Pasio kia venas de kompreno kaj senso de persona kapablo. Ni bezonas daŭre engaĝi nin mem kaj aliajn en komuniko kaj kontakto, kaj batalegi la komercan komunikilan pardigmon de pasiva konsumo kaj la merkata-ekonomio paradigmo ke oni nur donu, kiam oni ricevas mezureblan justan valoron por rekompenco. Ni bezonas konstante inviti unu al la alio por respondi al la tut-grave demando Pri kion vi vere zorgas?

Kiam ni engaĝas sin reciproke per konversacio pri la demando, ni malfermas eblecojn, ni komencas senti kaj ekscii nian propran povon, kapablon, kaj majstrecon, ni agnoskas ke sindonemeco ne rilatas al alamozo, kaj ni sensas ke la movon kaj forton de kolektiva kompreno, volon kaj pasion. Ni konstatas ke kune, kolektive, kunlaborante, ni scias plu, kaj scias pli bone, ol niaj estroj, presidentoj, firmao-estroj, ekonomiistoj, ekspertoj, kaj alioj kiuj elprofitas nian pasivecon por diri al ni kion ni faru kaj kredu, kaj semas en ni sentojn de senhelpeco, dependeco, kaj manieco. Ni havas pli de kapablo kaj povo por agi ol ĉiuj de la multnaciaj korporacioj kaj la tiranoj kaj la ŝtataj aparatoj de rego kaj subpremo.

Perhaps AHA! komencos ĝian mandaton ne nur ekzemplonte la atribuojn kaj kapablojn de la Donaca Ekonomio, sed kunlaborante helpante enkuraĝigi kaj plivastigi tio ekonomio, ebligonte ĝin subfosi la mannova ekonomio kaj anstataŭi ĝin per unu de alparo, abundo, kaj sindonemo kaj kunligeco, tiel helponte nin imagpovi kaj efektivigi mondon sen monon, sen persona posedaĵo, sen malriĉego, sen ‘ekonomia malsaneco’ (tioj, kioj mortigas miloj ĉiusemajne simple ĉar la malaltkostaj kaj ĉieaj sanigoj estas malkostelporteblaj al duono de la homoj de la mondo.) Mondo kie la nura ideo ke poluado, ekologia detruo, perdo de biodiverseco, sklaveco kaj fi-elprofiteco de homoj kaj aliaj bestoj povas estis ‘ekonomia’, iĝas simple absurda.

Kiel Chris diras, “Kiam ĉiu de ni faras ion kio estas pli vera al tiu, kiu ni kore estas, la kolektiva rezulto de ĉioj de tioj agoj povas havi profundan implicon por la dirketo de nia mondo.”

Getting Environmentally Friendly Transportation Back on the Rails

Filed under: How the World Really Works — Dave Pollard @ 18:01
train
In an article last year, I suggested that environmentally-conscious travelers should take the train. Recently Iíve been taking my own advice: On weekdays, once I get from my home in the country to my current contract office, I take the Toronto subway everywhere from there. On my recent trip to London, I took the Underground and National Rail everywhere, which entailed lots of walking (and since every minute spent walking adds three minutes to your healthy life, that is no sacrifice) and also entailed the kindness of my out-of-town hosts to pick me up at the nearest station. I took the ultramodern and luxurious (and expensive) Heathrow Express high-speed train from the city to the airport.

In San Jose last month, I took the (underused) LRT between the airport and the conference centre. Iíve taken the commuter ëGOí train into and out of Toronto (and would take it more often if it came nearer to where I live). Iíve taken the Canadian national passenger rail system train ëVIAí to London Ontario and to Montreal. Iíve been on the Metro in Montreal and Paris, and tram cars in San Francisco, Toronto and Frankfurt.

Other than the fact they all ride on rails, the above user experiences have nothing in common. Comfort, cost, speed, amenities, efficiency, reliability, service and convenience are all over the map. (No I take that back: They all have one other thing in common ñ they are all money-losing propositions.)

To the extent they replace automobile miles and are reasonably full, they are reducing greenhouse gas emissions and are therefore a ëgreení form of transportation. Some of them are not losing a lot of money. And if drivers were charged the full cost of the road damage they caused, rent on the vast amount of real estate that has to be paved over to accommodate them, and the remediation cost of the incremental pollution they cost, they would be losing a lot more money than the rail services plying the same routes. So why arenít we following the example of some European countries and investing in rail big-time?

The main reason is cultural: Many people hate traveling with strangers, and will do and pay almost anything to avoid it (especially when they are reimbursed or given a tax deduction for doing so). The busiest (and often least unprofitable) rail systems offer few amenities to passengers to allow them to do useful things while theyíre in transit, so they cannot improve productivity as much as they might. Because theyíre relatively cheap, they tend to attract some rather peculiar and sometimes anti-social and even criminal passengers, making some routes unpleasant and even unsafe. And because theyíre not door-to-door, they require people to walk a lot more, sometimes in poor weather, which involves trading off time expended now against increased life expectancy later ñ a tough choice.

The second reason is that, to be useful, rails need to be added in very busy places, displacing existing uses of space at great cost in public inconvenience (during construction), noise and expropriation. Where they use existing routes, they need to compete with freight trains for scarce rail resources ñ and freight is a more profitable use of these resources, and also saves greenhouse gas emissions compared to truck shipment.

For these two reasons, rail has now, in most places, fallen short of the ëtipping pointí at which it becomes sensible to rip up and displace existing land use for the benefit of social and environmental savings. A recent study by the very progressive Toronto government concluded that it made more economic sense to add ëhigh occupancy vehicleí (HOV) lanes (available only to cars with 3 or more passengers) to reduce the number of vehicles on the road, than to extend the subway system (which works quite well for the areas it covers, but which lacks coverage outside a few main traffic corridors).

Not only is this a pragmatic economic decision, it reflects an understanding of human culture as well. As I have said so often, we do what we must, then we do whatís easy, then we do whatís fun. Riding the rails is, for many, none of these three things. Trying to make rail transportation easier (more, faster routes) and more fun (more amenities and comfort) generally entails making it more expensive, and itís risky ñ thereís no guarantee people will change their established, private commuting behaviour no matter how easy and fun it is, if driving is considered easier and more fun. To make it work, it has to be compulsory ñ the only way from point A to B ñ and for most politicians making it compulsory is political suicide. Even expropriating lanes from existing expressways as HOV lanes raises howls of protest from drivers who claim they cannot carpool and hence get nothing in return for a slower commute.

In his book Heat, George Monbiot argues that airplane travel, the most environmentally destructive form of travel by any measure, cannot be made less damaging and must simply be prohibited or rationed. He also calls for fast, frequent, comfortable buses with many amenities (i.e. easy and fun) using HOV lanes to be added to connect the outermost subway/rail stations in cities with those citiesí major suburban and exurban hubs. That idea makes sense, but probably only if the alternative of driving along these routes is either prohibited or made prohibitively slow or prohibitively expensive.

What heís talking about is what Dave Snowden calls ëattractorsí and ëbarriersí in complex systems ñ mechanisms and interventions that positively (attractors) or negatively (barriers) affect human behaviours. My argument is that attractors that make things easy and fun are rarely enough ñ you also need barriers that make the behaviours you want to discourage impossible (not just difficult or socially unacceptable). Thatís the cynic in me, but Iíd love to hear some examples to disprove this (North American examples, please: Europeans have been known to do things that are easy and fun even when this involves changing behaviour voluntarily; North Americans, not so much).

So we can, and should, institute big-time taxes (barriers) on ëbadsí (consumption of gasoline, gouging up roads with 18-wheelers, driving in areas well-served by public transport) and use the proceeds to provide subsidies (attractors) for ëgoodsí (clean, renewable energy and energy-efficient transportation). We should stop allowing transportation costs as a tax-deductible expense (barrier). We should stop building new expressways for cars (barrier). We should make public transportation more convenient, faster, more productive, more efficient and more reliable (attractors). We should institute Monbiotís luxury peripheries-out public transportation systems, with gourmet restaurants and wifi onboard, and perhaps even shopping malls on rails (attractor).

But, especially for the rich and those reimbursed for extravagance by their employer, none of this will be enough. In fact, by literally driving the poor and self-employed off the roads, these steps will actually make the expressways faster and more convenient for the die-hards and encourage others to join them (a phenomenon Monbiot calls the ërebound effectí).

Since above all else we do what we must, what is needed are barriers that make extravagance impossible, while at the same time providing attractors to encourage others to support the new barriers. For example, if we were to dig up roads and parking lots and replace them with gardens, parks and community centres, the outraged commuters would face not only the courageous politicians but also the fans of these new pedestrian amenities. Skeptics might call this a ëdivide and conquerí strategy but I think it could work.

What other barrier-attractor one-two combinations can you think of, that would make driving (and flying) virtually impossible while simultaneously creating a new delight? For example, organizations can already get a win-win by allowing their employees to telecommute (more productivity, lower office costs) but this is not enough to encourage a lot of organizations (especially those in government services) to go this route, even with videoconferencing now being virtually free. What could we do that would make commuting long distances so onerous as to be impossible, while at the same time making telecommuting even more attractive to both employer and employee? And what could we do to make ëbuying localí a more delightful experience, while making driving to box malls even more excruciating than it already is? The answers need to be simple and inexpensive aswell as barriers and attractors in one.

Imagine this, and let me know what you come up with. 

December 13, 2006

Knowing Knowledge

Filed under: Working Smarter — Dave Pollard @ 18:20
knowing knowledge
George Siemens’ online book Knowing Knowledge is fun to read: It’s laid out like a Tom Peters book — full of graphics and different type fonts, and some wonderful quotations1. It has a kind of stream-of-consciousness style that’s a bit McLuhanesque. It’s playful. I resisted the temptation to take notes and synthesize it (perhaps because I read it on-screen), although I thought it sometimes presented concepts awkwardly and had a few glaring omissions. For example, after saying he doesn’t believe in categorizing, he presents a set of categories of knowledge — knowing about x, knowing how to do x, knowing how to be x, knowing where to find x, knowing how and why to transform x — but omits knowing who knows x 2).

At the end of the first section of the book he presents these knowledge/learning ‘principles of connectivism’:

  • Learning and knowledge require diversity of opinions to present the wholeÖand to permit selection of best approach.     
  • Learning is a network formation process of connecting specialized nodes or information sources.    
  • Knowledge rests in networks.
  • Knowledge may reside in non-human appliances, and learning is enabled/facilitated by technology.
  • Capacity to know more is more critical than what is currently known.     
  • Learning and knowing are constant, on going processes (not end states or products).     
  • Ability to see connections and recognize patterns and make sense between fields, ideas, and concepts is the core skill for individuals today.
  • Currency (accurate, up-to-date knowledge) is the intent of all connectivist learning activities.
  • Decision-making is learning. Choosing what to learn and the meaning of incoming information is seen through the lens of a shifting reality. While there is a right answer now, it may be wrong tomorrow due to alterations in the information climate affecting the decision.

A healthy learning environment, he says, is open, self-managed, fostered, and conducive to knowledge flow. He implies, as I have argued, that ‘just in time’ learning is usually better than ‘just in case’ learning, and that collaboration, receptiveness, engagement, pattern-recognition, direct experience, and sense-making are essential or conducive to the learning process.

Siemens introduces the concept of ‘context games’ — interactions where our understandings and filters ‘compete’ in our (and other conversants’) contexts for our (and others’) acceptance.

This is all interesting, but after awhile you start to ask yourself how it can be useful. As fascinating as his theories and models are, I was hoping for something of practical value comparable to my contrasting of the old 1990s ‘acquire, store, add value, disseminate’ and the new 2000s ‘connect, canvass, synthesize, apply’ models of knowledge management:

from collection to connection C2-1a

In the second part of the book, Siemens describes how the principles he outlines in the first part might be applied. As I outlined in my earlier article, the approach he suggests to improve knowledge-sharing and learning in organizations is evolutionary and iterative rather than imposed. It responds to needs as they emerge rather than pre-supposing what those needs are. It demands a deep knowledge of the current state (which requires going out and talking to and observing people on the front lines to see what is really happening in their use of information and technology, and appreciating what they need and how they learn). It is a continuous process rather than a disjoint series of projects and ‘releases’. It is focused on developing competence and capacity, rather than just increasing the volume of information flows. For all of these reasons it is superior to the methodologies that have been Standard Operating Procedure in KM for more than a decade.

As the illustration at the top of this article shows, this approach is cyclical, two-way, and accommodates the needs of both managers and front-line staff. Change is perceived to be a consensual process: Only when there is a consensus that change is valuable will it “take root”. The four change enablers in the graphic operate almost like a pendulum: The demand for change (usually from customers, sometimes from management, sometimes from front-line workers’ learning and adaptation) precipitates ‘affordances’ (possibilities, ideas, alternatives and potentials) which, in turn, if they can achieve consensual traction, precipitate structural, systems, and infrastructure change within the organization, which, in turn, finally produce new methods and processes — different ways of doing things in the organization.

Or, in other words, needs -> possibilities -> change programs -> new processes & tools. Then, the adoption of these new processes & tools (often in unanticipated ways) yields new change programs and raises new possibilities that evoke new ëneedsí. Through several iterations (swings of the pendulum) all four elements converge on a new stasis, until new needs and change pressures restart the process.

A healthy knowledge ecology (knowledge-sharing environment), Siemens says, has the following attributes: flexibility, diversity of tools (for obtaining content, context and connection), consistency and sufficiency of time and attention, trust, simplicity, encouragement, connectedness, decentralization, and tolerance for experimentation and failure, with ëspaceí for experts and novices to meet, self-expression, debate, dialogue, search for archived knowledge, structured learning, communication of news, and nurturing of ideas. Networks form within such ecologies, and provide better knowledge and learning environments than hierarchies: As Siemens said (better, I think) in another article:

The desire for centralization is strong. These organizations want learners to access their sites for content/interaction/knowledge. Learners, on the other hand, already have their personal spaces (myspace, facebook, aggregators). They donít want to go to someone elseís program/site to experience content. They want your content in their space…When we try and create Communities of Practice (CoPs) online, we take the same approach ñ come to our community. I think thatís the wrong approach. The community should come to the user.

In the same article (and also in the book), Siemens eloquently describes the way in which knowledge/understanding emerges in social, ecological and other complex environments, much to the consternation of organizationsí command-and-control types:

We have a mindset of ìknowing before applicationî. We feel that new problems must be tamed by our previous experience. When we encounter a challenge, we visit our database of known solutions with the objective of applying a template solution on the problem. I find many organizations are not comfortable suspending judgmentÖInstead of trying to force these tools into organizational structures, let them exist for a while. See what happens. Donít decide the entire solution in advance. See the process as more of a dance than a structured enactment of a solutionÖThe view that we must know before we can do, and that problems require solutions, can be limiting in certain instances. Knowing often arises in the process of doing. Solutions are often contained within the problems themselves (not external, templated responses). And problems always morph as we begin to work on them.

Part of my responsibility in my current contract assignment is increasing the awareness and accessibility of the available tools, content and other resources among our employees and customers. Thereís a strong temptation to ëprescribeí how and when these resources should be used (as I did with my communication tool decision tree), but while these ëprescriptionsí may be useful guidance (especially for novice users) it is important that we allow and encourage employees and customers, individually and collectively, to use these resources as they see fit and share their ëadoptionsí with others, and understand and accommodate rather than proscribing their problem workarounds.

knowing knowledge 2
 
I would have liked to read more in Siemensí book about the cultural implications of decentralization and networking of knowledge. Some would have us believe that networks threaten the very existence of hierarchy, but Iím not so sure: In the organizations I know best, hierarchy continues to rule because management controls the purse-strings, and can ëstarveí those who fail to conform to its instructions. I used to believe that management also controlled decision-making, but Iíve come to believe that in most organizations decisions are de facto hugely decentralized: When the boss announces a decision that makes no sense to the front lines, the people on the front lines will figure out how to work around the decision in such a way they appear to be complying yet still manage to do things more sensibly. And if decisions donít produce action and behaviour change on the front lines, decision-making ëpowerí is impotent. But as the Max Planck quote below makes clear, one type of decision can help entrench hierarchy ñ the decision to fire those who are non-compliant and to promote those who comply, support and share the boss’ values.

Siemens calls for the redesign of organizations3 to enable decentralization and networked knowledge transfer, learning and action, but in large organizations this isnít going to happen ñ it will only occur, haphazardly, around the ëedgesí of organizations where those high in the hierarchy canít see it happening.

Although his prescription is, I think, impractical, his vision of an organization that enables effective knowledge-sharing, learning and collaboration is worth thinking about. Iím working on an article on ëworkaroundsí as the means by which most useful ‘unmechanizable’ work in organizations (i.e. thoughtful ëknowledge workí) actually gets done. Knowing Knowledge could be used as a ërecipe bookí of workarounds by savvy, practical knowledge workers.

If, as Siemens says, solutions are often contained within the problems themselves, then thatís a step in the right direction.

Notes:

1. Examples:

  • “Whoever undertakes to set himself up as a judge of Truth and Knowledge is shipwrecked by the laughter of the gods.” (Albert Einstein)
  • “An important scientific innovation rarely makes its way by by gradually winning over and converting its opponents. It rarely happens that Saul becomes Paul. What does happen is its opponents gradually die out and the growing generation is familiarized with the idea from the beginning.” (Max Planck)

2. He later seems to imply that “know who” is a special type of “know where”.

3. The redesign process has eight steps: Current state analysis, representation/evaluation, validation, learning/knowledge strategy (ëdevelopment mapí), ecology design/deployment, nurturing learning capacities/processes, assessment and revision.

December 12, 2006

The Best Business Books of 2006?

Filed under: Working Smarter — Dave Pollard @ 17:25
How to Save the World 3
My ‘How to Save the World’ actions list
Armed with the list of the 46 nominees for best business book from S+B magazine, I recently made my annual trek  to the book mega-store to browse the nominated tomes (my twelve selections from a year ago, for 2005, are here). S+B’s lists cover the following categories: The Future, Economics, Marketing, Media, Negotiation, Strategy, Governance, Management, The Business of Defense, Fiction, and Leadership. I’d browsed most of the nominees earlier in the year, and bought only one of them: Tim Flannery’s The Weather Makers, which S+B has in its ‘The Future’ category. The few I hadn’t already seen didn’t produce any more winners, so the entire exercise was pretty depressing. In fact, it’s quite a stretch to call The Weather Makers and the fiction nominees ‘business books’ at all. And where are the books on innovation, entrepreneurship, information and technology?

But if ‘fiction’ and ‘the future’ qualify as business subjects, maybe I don’t have to end this article the way I had planned to (saying that 2006 produced not a single quality business book). Rather than reading the hackneyed books by egomaniacal CEOs and their sycophants on ‘leadership’ and ‘management’, those who want to understand and succeed in business would be much better off trying some of these books:

What’s Really Going On in the World:

  • The Weather Makers by Tim Flannery — what global warming will wreak in the coming years
  • Heat by George Monbiot — how to stop global warming by reducing CO2 by 90%
  • The Great Turning by David Korten — principles for a Living Economy
  • Waiting for the Macaws by Terry Glavin — how we’re precipitating the Sixth Great Extinction
  • The Place You Love is Gone by Melissa Pierson — how the loss of place, and our sense of it, impoverishes our culture
  • Made to Break by Giles Slate — planned obsolescence and the economic necessity for a throw-away culture
  • On the Rampage by Robert Weissman and Russell Mokhiber — “71 trenchant essays on corporate soulessness from two of America’s leading reporters on corporate misbehavior” (says Dennis Kucinich)

Entrepreneurship, and Living & Working Responsibly:

  • To Be of Use by Dave Smith — how and why to be an entrepreneur and of service to humanity at the same time
  • The Small-Mart Revolution by Michael Shuman – diagnosing the reasons entrepreneurial businesses face an uneven playing field and an unfair competitive disadvantage versus the multinational corporatist oligopolies, and what to do about it
  • Values-Driven Business by Ben Cohen & Mal Warwick — why putting principles before profit is not only right, but sustainable as well
  • The Logic of Sufficiency by Thomas Princen — why an economy based on collective, networked community-based self-management, optimizing the well-being of all life, balancing all interests and appreciating natural constraints, and producing and distributing only, but generously, what is needed, just makes sense

Research, Information & Technology:

  • Knowing Knowledge by George Siemens — How technology and complexity are changing the nature of knowledge, connection and learning (my review coming shortly); available for download free
  • The Shangri-La Diet by Seth Roberts — not a diet book as much as a book on self-experimentation as a fundamental mechanism for primary research, and also, because it became a best-seller by stealth, also a great case study in viral marketing

Market Intelligence: Understanding Human Behaviour:

  • American Backlash by Michael Adams — how Americans (as consumers and citizens) are diverging more and more from those living in other affluent nations
  • Stumbling on Happiness by Daniel Gilbert — why you’re less likely to be happy in the future than you think

So there you have it. The 15 best ‘business books’ of 2006. Don’t look for them in the business section of your bookstore. In fact, don’t waste your time in the business section at all, at least until the publishers stop recycling the nonsense of the last century and come clean about what’s really going on in the corporate world. I’m not holding my breath. The emperor has no clothes, yet the publishers are making a fortune selling emperors and emperor-wannabes ‘invisible cloth’. If you buy it, better hope you’ve got nothing to hide.

In the meantime, the 15 books above are worth an investment of your time and money. If you’re thinking of starting your own business, they’ll give you knowledge that will put you in good stead. And if you’re still working for corporatists, they might give you the courage to break free and become part of thesolution instead of part of the problem.

December 11, 2006

Five Things (You May Not Know) About Me

Filed under: Using Weblogs and Technology — Dave Pollard @ 17:55
Dave Pollard portrait 6
Justin Kownacki , the talented producer of the excellent series Something to Be Desired has ‘tagged’ me to spread a blog meme: Five things you may not know about me. I can’t (often) resist these viral prompts, and this one intrigues me because I’ve already confessed a lot in these pages and in my About the Author bio. What else can I say, especially something that could surprise anyone that reads these pages regularly? Well, here goes:
  1. Although I often write about the importance of being observant/attentive and self-sufficient, I am neither. I have good instincts about people, which perhaps suggests that my body processes information about other people more effectively than my conscious mind does. But for the most part I donít pay attention very well, which gets me in lots of trouble, and Iím so poorly coordinated that body-mechanical tasks (like dancing, swimming, and drawing) are just beyond me. And neither of these faults is the result of lack of effort (my own, and that of others) to try to improve. At these important things, I am just incompetent.
  2. Iíve come to the disturbing conclusion that I usually prefer the company of animals to humans. At first I thought I was just overreacting to the general indifference of most people to the plight, and intelligence, and emotional capacity, of animals, but now I think it has more to do with a preference for silent company and the realization that, as Shaw said, ìthe biggest problem with communication is the illusion that it has occurred.î
  3. Iím a fierce supporter of the right to die. To me this is a ënaturalí right, like the right to breathe, to live in peace, and to a clean and healthy environment, so having governments try to take this away strikes me as outrageous. This right is most important for those suffering, of course, but I donít draw lines when it comes to such matters. Iíve known many who have taken their own lives, and I respect their decisions. I understand the Noonday Demon and the horrific and invisible suffering it can cause. People who exercise their right to die have their own reasons, and while they may not be ëlogicalí, whoís to say that emotional reasons are not just as valid? I also feel deeply for those who have been left behind by those who have chosen to die, whether or not they understand, on any level, why that decision was made, and that no one is to ëblameí, just as I feel for all those who, for any reason, have been unable (and may never be able) to reach closure on something important thatís happened in their lives.
  4. Iím more even-tempered than I was when I was young, but some things make me crazy: cruelty, unfairness, dishonesty, arrogance, backstabbing (and other indirect and cowardly attacks on people) and taking pleasure from othersí misery. I find these personality traits, which I think are psychopathic and horrendously damaging, so distressing I canít even bear to watch the portrayal of them in films (I have to change the channel or leave the theatre). I instinctively dislike people who make a living by lying (notably many lawyers, marketers and people in the ëdevelopmentí industry). I donít think you can cure what these people have and insist on inflicting on others, and itís that incorrigibility that probably makes me so irrational.
  5. As I get older, I cry more often. Certain music, ëtouchingí scenes in movies (even when theyíre somewhat contrived), pathos, silent suffering ñ all of these set me off. I find it cathartic. Yet very few people have seen me cry — for reasons I donít understand, I almost never cry in public, even at funerals.

Well, that’s more than enough. Who I’m tagging in turn (this is a somewhat mischievous list of extraordinary bloggers who readers know little about personally — I don’t really expect them tocarry on the meme):

December 10, 2006

Sunday Open Thread — December 10, 2006

Filed under: Preparing for Civilization's End — Dave Pollard @ 20:15
Living on the Edge 2
What I’m planning on writing about soon:
  • Reintermediation: Why hollowed-out organizations are impoverished and fragile, and how to fill them out again, in a brave new way.
  • Rail: A solution to the transportation portion of global warming, or an impossibly expensive attempt to put the auto genie back in the bottle?
  • Experience-Based Decision Making: It seems an obvious choice, until you understand why the alternatives hold sway.
  • Making Blog Comments and Forums and Wikis Work: Do we need groundrules to enable real conversations, and would anyone follow the groundrules if we did?
  • The Long Tail: Why the tail will never wag the dog (while it’s attached to the dog).
  • Best Business Books of the Year: A null set!

What I’m thinking about:

Despite social networking and the Internet and various face-to-face meetup opportunities, those of us who recognize the need to build a new culture are still terribly isolated, and a long way from consensus ourselves on what we should do. There’s a lot of us on the Edge, but we’re still disconnected, economically, physically and philosophically, and we’re starved of the resources we need to make anything happen. We will need to do a lot of learning from a lot of experiments, but how are we going to find the time and resources to do them, and to agree on what experiments to do first, and with whom, and coordinate our learnings from them?

Things happen the way they do for a reason. I keep making excuses for writing about the need for change — creating intentional communities and natural enterprises and radically simple living programs and information-sharing and organization networks — but not doing anything about it. Why? Because while there’s no better way to Let-Self-Change than just beginning, it is far from clear how to just begin. Where and how should we just begin? What is the first step, and can anyone know what it is for anyone else? And when we should know better that it’s hopeless, what is it that keeps us going, believing we’re somehow going to save the world?

Part of the answer has to be breaking free from the gravity that keeps sucking us away from the Edge back to the mainstream centre of our culture. Money, debt, social pressure, laws, the media, political pressure groups, advertising and many more ‘forces of gravity’ make it very hard to break free until and unless we have no other choice (until these forces no longer have any hold on us, which is probably never for most of us). And they make it very easy to make excuses, to do nothing. But I think it’s unfair to blame our action on procrastination and lackof courage. I’m more inclined to believe the time is not yet right.

The only problem is, by the time the time is right, it may be far too late.

So what’s keeping you awake at night these days?

December 9, 2006

Saturday Links for the Week: December 9, 2006

Filed under: Our Culture / Ourselves — Dave Pollard @ 14:40
healthcare survey

See How Patients Rate Doctors: It’s brand new, but this site allowing North American patients to rate their physicians has great promise. It will be interesting to see if the AMA/CMA try to shut it down. Thanks to my work colleague Carolyn Lonsdale for this link and the one that follows.

…And See How Patients and Doctors Rate Their National Medical Systems: A fascinating 7-country international survey (excerpt in graphic above) suggests that European healthcare is better than North American by a mile, though Germany’s healthcare system is in sudden and sharp decline. And, for Canadians, a new study by the Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives shows that, while Canada’s healthcare system is far from perfect, switching to the even more flawed American system would be a disastrous mistake.

December 15 is Esperanto Day: I’ll be posting one of my articles on the Gift Economy in Esperanto that day. Lots of other bloggers are participating as well. Learn more about Esperanto here.

Further Outrages of the US Patent Office: In its zeal to support the corporatist agenda to crush entrepreneurship and innovation by making every kind of intellectual idea and thought patentable (and hence ‘owned’ by rich patent holders with legal armies to enforce it), the US patent office recently patented the idea of Communities of Practice! If you want to establish a community with someone in the future, better be prepared to pay the company that now ‘owns’ that idea for the right to do so. Thanks to John Maloney for the link.

Is Knowledge Management Dead?: Dave Snowden says it is, at least as we have known it in the past. I think he’s exactly right. Thanks to David Gurteen for the link.

China Increases Influence Over Alberta Tar Sands: HTWW reports that China, which already has a significant interest in the eco-holocaust that is Alberta’s tar sands, is now proposing to manufacture in China the monster extraction technologies needed to gouge the pristine earth and process the sands before dumping the remaining sludge back in the ground. How much oil will be needed to make and transport this Frankenstein machinery is beyond conception. Sheer insanity, thanks to Canada’s Conservative corporatist global-warming-denying minority government.

Sony’s New Wireless Uses Your Body as Connection: A new technology developed by Sony uses the electrical system of the human body to transmit music and other data from your headset to your MP3 or other wireless device, boviating the need for Bluetooth-type short-range wireless transmission technologies. Thanks to Innovation Weekly for the link.

Thoughts for the Week:

From Nietzsche, via Steve Layland: “Annoying! The same old story! When one has finished oneís house one realises that while doing so one has learnt unawares something one absolutely had to know before one began to build. The everlasting pitiful ëtoo late!í ñ The melancholy of everything finished!”

From Pascale, or Millard Fuller, via Andrew Campbell: “It is easier to act your way into a new way of thinking than to think your way into a newway of acting.”

December 7, 2006

Scenario Planning vs. Collective Vision: Imagining What’s Possible

Filed under: Preparing for Civilization's End — Dave Pollard @ 18:56

Olympic 2

Several years ago when I was doing some strategy work for my multinational employer I read Peter Schwartzí book The Art of the Long View , This remains the definitive text, I think, on the process and value of scenario planning. It is not, as many believe, about predicting the future. It is, rather, the field of doing what I have often felt is my gift: imagining possibilities:

You can tell you have good scenarios when they are both plausible and surprising; when they have the power to break old stereotypes; and when the makers assume ownership of them and put them to work. Scenario making is intensely participatory, or it fails.

So the purpose of scenario planning is not to predict and preempt the future, but rather to consider how the future might be different from the present, and what the implications of those differences might be for your organization or your community. A scenario is essentially a script or story about the future, and scenario planning is “ordering oneís perceptions about alternative future environments”. The scenario-building process entails these eight steps:

  1. Identify the Focal Issue or Decision : What do you really want to know? Define a specific decision or issue where having scenarios will be helpful.
  2. Identify Key Factors in the Local Environment: What factors influence the focal issue or decision? What will decision makers want to know when making their choices? This entails doing some ‘cultural anthropologyí, “hunting and gathering intelligence” outside your immediate areas of knowledge, ensuring the scenario-building team is diverse, imaginative and informed, and challenging established “mental maps” about the issue or decision.
  3. Identify Driving Forces: What major trends and driving forces influence the key factors? The work of Porter, Drucker and Christensen can help identify these.
  4. Rank by Importance and Uncertainty: Rank the key factors and driving forces on their degree of importance and the degree of uncertainty. Make an x:y plot with importance vs uncertainty. Those key factors or driving forces that fall in the quadrant high importance and high uncertainty merit further study and inclusion in alternative scenarios.
  5. Select Scenario Logics: Define the key variables for building scenarios and their relationships. Steps 5-7 involves having “strategic conversations” with people throughout the organization or community to get other perspectives on how the scenarios would ‘play out’.
  6. Flesh out the Scenarios: Each key factor and driving force should be given some role in the scenario. 
  7. Implications: What could happen if the different possibilities occurred? Build these into your scenarios. Schwartz talks about a process of “rehearsing the future” to do this.
  8. Selection of the Leading Indicators and Signposts: What trends or events, if they occurred, would add credibility to each scenario?

The objective is to come up with a few alternative scenarios that differ in important, substantive ways, not just in degree, which will increase your group’s knowledge and allow more confident personal and collective decision-making. Itís a disciplined attempt to reduce the ëcost of not knowingí. And, unlike the visioning and predictive processes, itís not about what youíd like the future to be, or think it will be, but rather how it might be, in challengingly different and surprising ways, from how it is today.

Well, thatís the theory anyway. Those who have used the technique will of course tell you that this has provoked novel thinking and insights that have led to much better decisions and savings of millions of dollars and avoided untold grief. Iím not so sure. Iím all for imagining possibilities and developing stories that get us thinking outside of our normal mental models and considering new ideas, approaches and methods. And Iím all in favour of strategic conversations around plausible future trends or events or insights about how the world really works or what could be. But despite scenario plannersí denial that theyíre in the business of predicting, there seems to be a lot of assigning of probabilities to the assessment of scenarios and the making of decisions stemming from them.

As youíre probably tired of hearing me say, most organizations, societies and environments are complex, which means prediction is impossible and the variables that determine what will happen cannot even be identified. The best we can do in complex situations is look for patterns that might suggest the need or opportunity for an intervention ñ creating an attractor or barrier that will tend to encourage or discourage certain behaviours and lead to a preferable outcome. Christensen makes the same point a different way, saying that “disruptive innovations” ñ the ones that can topple the incumbents and transform an industry completely ñ are essentially unpredictable because they come from outside the conceivable attention horizon of the players in that industry. They are not only unexpected, they are ëunexpectableí.

Back in 1989, when The Art of the Long View was written, Schwartz (with Stewart Brand, Howard Rheingold and others) produced three scenarios for the year 2005 that they called Global Incoherence, New Empires, and Market World. These make fascinating reading, coming as they did before the dot-com boom and bust, before social networking, and before 9/11. The scenarios greatly overestimated our willingness and ability to do anything about global warming and the environment in general. They also overestimated the impact of new technology on society, the amount of change that the ëinformation economyí would bring about, the impact of then-teenage Gen Yíers (and the trend to cultural homogeneity in general) and the degree of innovation in business and the media. It underestimated the degree of political upheaval, cultural clashes, genocide and war that turned out to be the hallmarks of 2005. It incorrectly foresaw the “replacement of political ideology with pragmatism” as a result of “a world weary of war”. The End of Oil is contemplated but discounted as highly improbable. And while interactive TV is contemplated, there is no mention of anything like what we now call the Internet.

The fault of these scenarios, and of most attempts at imagining alternative futures, is the human tendency to assume the future will be like the present, only more so. Those of us who say this will be the final century of human civilization produce raised eyebrows because the majority cannot conceive of a significant discontinuity between what has happened in the past, what is happening right now, and what is to come. When sudden discontinuous reversals occur (the fall of the Soviet Union, the dot com bust etc.), our tendency is to discount them entirely as unsustainable anomalies and do our political and economic prognosticating as if neither the rise nor the fall had ever happened. When other unexpected discontinuous events occur (9/11, Katrina), our tendency is to exaggerate their significance, to ignore our learnings from everything that happened before them, and to start predicting more of the same, mentally creating new continuities to replace the ones we have lost. Thatís just the way we are.

So rather than create scenarios that help us imagine the future as it seems likely to be, Iíd prefer to create scenarios that can help us imagine the future as it could be. In organizations, thatís what ‘visions’ (a kind of best-case future-state story) are about. And in larger society, thatís a function of utopian (and dystopian) novels, and of some sci-fi. Their value is not in their predictive ability (and that is not their purpose) but rather their ability to stimulate the imagination to think discontinuously, and to provoke the intentionality that comes from thinking about what is possible, and consciously or subconsciously taking the first steps to make that imagined possibility real.

The problem with most visionary imaginings is that they are the product of just one person, or a few people in an organization with similar knowledge and perspectives. They lack The Wisdom of Crowds. For example, my novel-in-progress, The Only Life We Know is about a post-civilization society of diverse and loosely-connected, sustainable, self-selected communities, as an illustration of how intentional communities and natural enterprises could obviate the need for hierarchical states and markets. I had hoped it would be a ëvisioní or model of whatís possible that other ëdeep greensí, anarchists, and progressives could modify and then introduce into their own new ex-civilization or post-civilization communities.

But suppose instead of writing a utopian book solo I wanted to make the visioning a collective effort. Iíve had some preliminary discussions with some fellow idealists about how we could go about collaboratively creating a post-civilization vision and an intentionality program (not a plan, precisely, but more like the set of announced collaborative and individual intentions that come from an Open Space event) to get us there. Using a real Open Space event would be ideal, of course, but getting a couple of hundred people with the imagination to ëcreateí a future vision of a better world, one that envisages better ways to live and make a living, together in one place, would be a challenge unless we were to find a major, progressive, idealistic funder for the event. So perhaps instead we could use a wiki or some other collaborative tool where we would apply the methodology of Open Space virtually to (1) create the future state vision collectively, and then (2) develop an intentionality program to make it real.

This may be too much to expect of an asynchronous tool, and in the worst case it could turn into an anarchic ëherding catsí exercise. But I think with a manageable-sized group and some appropriate ground-rules it could work. The end-product would be not scenarios but an imaginative vision of whatís possible, a model of a virtual ëplaceí for living and making a living sustainably and joyfully in community, and a map, drawn by each of us from where we are now, of how to get there.

Itís worth a try.

December 6, 2006

The Virtuous Cycles of the Gift Economy

Filed under: Preparing for Civilization's End — Dave Pollard @ 17:58
Gift Economy Cycles
Our society puts a value on human activities only when they can be monetized ñ when a transaction involving an exchange of money occurs. We tend to equate our time with money: If the ëmarket valueí of an hour of our time exceeds the cost of hiring someone else to mow our lawn or make a present for a loved one or look after our children or our home, we conclude that it makes sense to buy those services and to work longer hours to pay for them. 

This false economy leads us to buy what we donít need, which requires us to work harder to pay for those unnecessary goods and services, leaving us even less time to look after ourselves and our own needs and forcing us, in a vicious cycle (cycle 1 in red on the chart above) to ëoutsourceí even more of the things we might be doing for ourselves. All this phony economic activity is added to the GDP and employment data. Do-it-yourself and other ëunpaidí work, and things we make for ourselves, are not considered ëeconomicí activities and hence not included in the statistics that drive our societyís political and economic decisions. No surprise then that the government encourages us to buy what we donít need and what we could provide for ourselves.

By contrast, the Gift Economy does not value monetized activity more highly than un-monetized activity. It suggests, on the contrary, that our time is invaluable and that therefore we should ëspendí it, as much as possible, doing things we love and things that are our personal responsibility, and only buy goods and services we cannot possibly provide for ourselves. In doing these things ourselves, we learn to do them better, more efficiently, more effectively and more economically, saving the cost of outsourcing them to a third party.

Thanks to this cost saving, we then need to work less, which gives us more time to do the things we love, creating a virtuous cycle (cycle 2 in green on the chart above) instead of a vicious one.

The economists donít like us doing this, since this DIY work doesnít involve the exchange of money or the employment of others to do our own work, and so is not included in GDP or employment data. This is why published trends in GDP and unemployment are meaningless, and why these data provide no useful measure of a societyís well-being.

The outcome of this virtuous cycle ñ more time ñ has another benefit as well: Some of that ëextraí time can be invested in Gift Economy activities that yield even greater, self-reinforcing and sustainable ëgoodsí:

  • Mentoring, parenting and coaching: enabling others to cope with major life challenges and problems
  • Showing and teaching: enabling others to develop new capacities and skills
  • Gifting, sharing and peer production: exchanging, and collaboratively designing and making stuff for mutual benefit

So under the Gift Economy, the joyful investment of this additional ëleisureí time spawns three more virtuous cycles (shown in blue on the chart above):

  1. Mentoring, parenting and coaching others (cycle 3 on the chart) produces healthier, happier, more competent and more responsible citizens with fewer social problems and needs. This reduces the costs of health care, crime, wars etc. and also makes us better at doing things for ourselves, saving both our society and us as individuals money, so we need to work less to pay taxes and personal expenses.
  2. Showing and teaching (cycle 4 on the chart) produces a more self-sufficient citizenry with more capacities and skills, who therefore need to work even less since they need buy fewer goods and services from others.
  3. Gifting, sharing and peer production (cycle 5 on the chart) produces goods and services tailored for our individual needs and wants at no cost beyond that for materials that must be purchased from the ëmarketí economy. Open source, free libraries and file sharing, scientific exchange, cooperatives, social exchanges such as work bees and vacation home swaps, the Internet (and particularly blogs) and philanthropy are all examples of gifting, sharing and peer production Gift Economy activities. Umair Haque has outlined a peer production model that could take us even further, to the point ëproducersí and ëcustomersí become indistinguishable, where they collectively invest time, ideas and energy in a trust relationship with others to co-produce goods and services precisely tailored to their mutual needs, which can then be gifted to others.

These cycles are, of course, subversive. They threaten to undermine and starve the ‘market’ economy by freeing us, the end-customers of that economy, from the need to pay money into it. They also threaten to undermine and render irrelevant political structures and institutions that exist to defend economic rights and powers, to wage wars and to mete out scarce economic resources ñ the Gift Economy voluntarily gives us these rights and powers, has no need of wars to defend them, and operates under a principle of generosity and abundance, not competitiveness and scarcity.

It is not surprising, therefore, that the brokers, agents, controllers of resources, marketers, politicians and other parasites who rely on the ëmarketí economy and its corporatist supporting political structures have already demonstrated a willingness to go to great lengths ñ alternately suing and bribing customers, ridiculing and slandering Gift Economy initiatives, and bribing and coercing lawmakers to disrupt the decentralization of power that the Gift Economy brings about and to protect ëtheirí property from being shared or given away generously.

The Gift Economy in fact represents a ëre-naturalizationí of the economy. The ëmarketí economy is unsustainable and has shown itself to be morally bankrupt, unable to innovate, fragile and lacking in capacity to cope with rapid change. The shift to the Gift Economy has already begun, and is entirely consistent with the critical political and economic demands and needs of our time, and with way nature and ëuncivilizedí creatures thrive in a world of abundance and a spirit of generosity (in the true ëgiving and sharing freely and trustfullyí sense of the word, not the narrow sense of charity).

All we need to do, starting within our own physical and virtual communities, is acknowledge that our time is precious and that making time to re-learn to do things for ourselves and become more self-sufficient just makes sense. Once we realize that, it will become clear to these communities that the Gift Economy offers us a better, easier, more equitable, resilient and joyful way to live, and to make a living. And, best of all, it justkeeps on giving.

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